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IB scholars are increasingly concerned with *societal polarization*. The United States has polarized, but so have many *European countries*. The below article: - Summarizes the theoretical discussion on polarization in political science - Leverages data on values, norms, and demographics of almost 30,000 Europeans - Distinguishes between three “identities” that shape debate across Europe: *postmodern cosmopolitans *versus *urban precariat *versus *rural traditionalists* - Describes the changes in these “identities” across Europe over time and across generations - Concludes that Europe and the European Union are facing some serious tensions rooted in these three oppositional identities The paper is *open access *and can be found here: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jcms.13342 As the *Journal of Common Market Studies <https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14685965>*(a journal focused on Europe) is not commonly included on everyone’s reading list, I thought I’d share it with you all. Enjoy the summer Sjoerd Beugelsdijk Professor of International Business Research director Global Economics and Management (GEM <https://www.rug.nl/feb/organization/departments/gem/>) Fellow of the Academy of International Business <https://aib.msu.edu/aibfellows.asp> Editor *Journal of International Business Studies <http://www.jibs.net/>* Overview of publications: Google Scholar <http://scholar.google.nl/citations?user=XlzSoZIAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=ao> ____ AIB-L is brought to you by the Academy of International Business. For information: http://aib.msu.edu/community/aib-l.asp To post message: [log in to unmask] For assistance: [log in to unmask] AIB-L is a moderated list.