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Thanks Dr Karl. Obliged... View this email in your browser <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__mailchi.mp_law_perspective-2D334-3Fe-3D547ae4f2ff&d=DwMGaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=9uGbBuxLaMKQfQE0fFIuDq5KjWpfz5zRn7kBzO5WHSSPWqsGgY9mOfDf_lnVXeg4&s=u37EMTU-ee7Y-W3jk8Fiwgtdl9KaqLpY_OZhUcX9wzQ&e=> 哥伦比亚大学国际直接投资展望中文版都可以在我们的网站查看: https://ccsi.columbia.edu/content/columbia-fdi-perspectives <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__columbia.us6.list-2Dmanage.com_track_click-3Fu-3Dab15cc1d53-26id-3D6028ed479b-26e-3D547ae4f2ff&d=DwMGaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=9uGbBuxLaMKQfQE0fFIuDq5KjWpfz5zRn7kBzO5WHSSPWqsGgY9mOfDf_lnVXeg4&s=j2HZovPF-ADZZDn6BhwX7NozpC0OuMwNp6cVqfz050U&e=> . *Columbia FDI Perspectives* Perspectives on topical foreign direct investment issues Editor-in-Chief: Karl P. Sauvant ([log in to unmask]) Managing Editor: Abigail Greene ([log in to unmask]) *The Columbia FDI Perspectives are a forum for public debate. The views expressed by the authors do not reflect the opinions of CCSI or our partners and supporters.* No. 334 June 27, 2022 *International investment law, intellectual property and development* <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__columbia.us6.list-2Dmanage.com_track_click-3Fu-3Dab15cc1d53-26id-3Da9358c406d-26e-3D547ae4f2ff&d=DwMGaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=9uGbBuxLaMKQfQE0fFIuDq5KjWpfz5zRn7kBzO5WHSSPWqsGgY9mOfDf_lnVXeg4&s=hJinQxBMP8MbgY14Dzk6F5QlmDLKd_5pZ0NtVhE9LoI&e=> by Emmanuel Kolawole Oke and Olufunmilola Olabode* <#m_1112327815324731672__edn1> FDI is important for financing development projects, economic development, transferring technology, and global prosperity. Intellectual property (IP) rights—an important asset for investors typically accorded protection in investment treaties—are equally integrally linked with economic and technological development. Due to recent high-profile investor-state (ISDS) disputes involving IP rights, concerns have arisen regarding the impact that the international investment law (IIL) regime can have on the policy space of host countries [1] <#m_1112327815324731672__edn2> and the development of international and domestic IP rights regimes.[2] <#m_1112327815324731672__edn3> Implicit assumptions have been made that ISDS tribunals are unable or unwilling to take international IP law and the unique nature of IP rights into account when resolving ISDS disputes.[3] <#m_1112327815324731672__edn4> We contend that these concerns can effectively be addressed through targeted actions by the various players involved. First, ISDS tribunals interpreting IIAs should bear in mind that both the IIL and international IP law regimes share the same objective, i.e., to facilitate development.[4] <#m_1112327815324731672__edn5> The preamble and Articles 7 and 8 of the TRIPS Agreement <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__columbia.us6.list-2Dmanage.com_track_click-3Fu-3Dab15cc1d53-26id-3Df4f3e81efc-26e-3D547ae4f2ff&d=DwMGaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=9uGbBuxLaMKQfQE0fFIuDq5KjWpfz5zRn7kBzO5WHSSPWqsGgY9mOfDf_lnVXeg4&s=_1AT5yX4iSxZwPFP2f6W7qSPF0WDFUixjVSdT9ccdJk&e=>, for instance, state that the protection of IP rights should be considered as a means to foster national development. Similarly, the oft-cited preamble of the ICSID Convention <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__columbia.us6.list-2Dmanage.com_track_click-3Fu-3Dab15cc1d53-26id-3D624993ea15-26e-3D547ae4f2ff&d=DwMGaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=9uGbBuxLaMKQfQE0fFIuDq5KjWpfz5zRn7kBzO5WHSSPWqsGgY9mOfDf_lnVXeg4&s=B15avOI8whaiOfKdmtC6X9FV2-Yngh2cGK3tS4UrHFc&e=> suggests that the purpose of the Convention is facilitating economic development through the protection of foreign investment. At the same time, investment tribunals should consider the unique nature of IP rights and the rules of international IP law when deciding ISDS disputes in this area. For instance, the *Eli Lilly v Canada* <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__columbia.us6.list-2Dmanage.com_track_click-3Fu-3Dab15cc1d53-26id-3D6a2a10a268-26e-3D547ae4f2ff&d=DwMGaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=9uGbBuxLaMKQfQE0fFIuDq5KjWpfz5zRn7kBzO5WHSSPWqsGgY9mOfDf_lnVXeg4&s=VOaDX5yeVaOQPBNGrSPd31fZIXVT6RplysLdgk6KFkU&e=> and the *Philip Morris v Uruguay* <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__columbia.us6.list-2Dmanage.com_track_click-3Fu-3Dab15cc1d53-26id-3D2bacfea185-26e-3D547ae4f2ff&d=DwMGaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=9uGbBuxLaMKQfQE0fFIuDq5KjWpfz5zRn7kBzO5WHSSPWqsGgY9mOfDf_lnVXeg4&s=A_2vQLgjLLHZils4Q9uT6_f4wdjWHO9KgzSaWGbseh8&e=> tribunals clarified that the mere granting of IP rights cannot give rise to legitimate expectations that the rights will not be limited, regulated or revoked. In *Philip Morris v. Uruguay*, one of the issues the tribunal had to address was whether trademarks confer a positive right of use to the owners, or merely a negative right to prevent third parties from using trademarks. The tribunal correctly noted that nothing in the Paris Convention confers such a positive right. It further rightly noted that Article 16 of the TRIPS Agreement provides only for the right of trademark owners to prevent third parties from using trademarks. Second, host countries concerned about the impact that the protection of IP rights under the IIL regime may have on their policy space should try to specifically exclude IP rights from the definition of investment in their new IIAs. Should this not be possible, another option would be to revise existing IIAs to carve out national measures that are consistent with the rules of international IP law (such as those in the Berne Convention <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__columbia.us6.list-2Dmanage.com_track_click-3Fu-3Dab15cc1d53-26id-3D7291361538-26e-3D547ae4f2ff&d=DwMGaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=9uGbBuxLaMKQfQE0fFIuDq5KjWpfz5zRn7kBzO5WHSSPWqsGgY9mOfDf_lnVXeg4&s=0uFsPsTq7oyXZj72pE1524seBJLLKYkeWt__KEaMIF4&e=>, Paris Convention <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__columbia.us6.list-2Dmanage.com_track_click-3Fu-3Dab15cc1d53-26id-3Dddee6477fb-26e-3D547ae4f2ff&d=DwMGaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=9uGbBuxLaMKQfQE0fFIuDq5KjWpfz5zRn7kBzO5WHSSPWqsGgY9mOfDf_lnVXeg4&s=3uz-T8hYTZAgGTVQuZP3ug5m-Ssf9fNceCKpyYi-piU&e=>, the TRIPS Agreement) from the scope of the expropriation and fair and equitable treatment standards, as follows: “Article XX (expropriation) [and/or] Article YY (fair and equitable treatment) shall not apply to the creation, issuance, limitation, or revocation of intellectual property rights or to any other measures affecting intellectual property rights to the extent that these measures are consistent with [Chapter XYZ of the Treaty (intellectual property)], the TRIPS Agreement, and any other international agreement governing intellectual property rights that have been ratified by [either/both] Contracting Parties.” It is not unprecedented for countries to include clauses like these in their IIAs, especially regarding the expropriation standard. Article 8.12(6) of CETA <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__columbia.us6.list-2Dmanage.com_track_click-3Fu-3Dab15cc1d53-26id-3Dd74c6a6b94-26e-3D547ae4f2ff&d=DwMGaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=9uGbBuxLaMKQfQE0fFIuDq5KjWpfz5zRn7kBzO5WHSSPWqsGgY9mOfDf_lnVXeg4&s=T226l5heX5OV3qavnQZKKyEllV568yTk95mz_Ov1ttQ&e=> goes even further by stating that an inconsistency with TRIPS or the IP Chapter of CETA does not establish an expropriation per se. A clause like the one we suggest could, for instance, be included in the proposed protocol on investment that is part of the Phase II AfCFTA negotiations <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__columbia.us6.list-2Dmanage.com_track_click-3Fu-3Dab15cc1d53-26id-3D74205e47c4-26e-3D547ae4f2ff&d=DwMGaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=9uGbBuxLaMKQfQE0fFIuDq5KjWpfz5zRn7kBzO5WHSSPWqsGgY9mOfDf_lnVXeg4&s=3wPHy1POzvyWaasAgV-f9POkklcfa47VAvfrlqs9Fxw&e=> . Even in the absence of similar clauses, ISDS tribunals can preserve host countries’ policy space by interpreting domestic IP rights in light of the flexibilities available under international IP law. For instance, pursuant to article 20 of the TRIPS Agreement, countries may implement measures that justifiably encumber the use of trademarks to protect public health. Similarly, Articles 30 and 31 of the TRIPS Agreement enable countries to implement measures (including compulsory licensing) that limit patent rights. Similar interpretations would not only promote the unique nature of IP rights but also foster national development. In conclusion, ISDS tribunals and countries have the means to—and should—play a role in ensuring that the IIL and international IP law regimes contribute to host countries’ economic and technological advancement. This can be achieved only if ISDS tribunals interpret IIAs in accordance with the above-mentioned principles and objectives, and host countries take adequate measures to preserve their own policy space. ------------------------------ * <#m_1112327815324731672__ednref1> Emmanuel Kolawole Oke ( [log in to unmask]) is Lecturer, Edinburgh Law School, University of Edinburgh; Olufunmilola Olabode ([log in to unmask]) is Lecturer, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Nigeria. The authors wish to thank John Gaffney, Olga Gurgula and Pedro Roffe for their helpful peer reviews. [1] <#m_1112327815324731672__ednref2> See, Cynthia Ho, “A collision course between TRIPS flexibilities and investor-state proceedings,” *UC Irvine Law Review*, vol. 6 (2016), p. 101. [2] <#m_1112327815324731672__ednref3> See, Padmashree Gehl Sampath, “Intellectual property and technology transfer: Why we need a new agenda,” in Carlos Correa and Xavier Seuba, eds., *Intellectual Property and Development: Understanding the Interfaces* (Singapore: Springer, 2019), p. 37. [3] <#m_1112327815324731672__ednref4> See, Rochelle Cooper Dreyfuss, “Investor-state dispute settlement as a constraint on intellectual property lawmaking,” in Ansel Kamperman Sanders and Anke Moerland, eds., *Intellectual Property as a Complex Adaptive System* (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2021), p. 180. [4] <#m_1112327815324731672__ednref5> Emmanuel Kolawole Oke, *The Interface between Intellectual Property and Investment Law* (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2021). *The material in this Perspective may be reprinted if accompanied by the following acknowledgment: “Emmanuel Kolawole Oke and Olufunmilola Olabode, ‘International investment law, intellectual property and development,’ Columbia FDI Perspectives No. 334, June 27, 2022. Reprinted with permission from the Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment (* *http://ccsi.columbia.edu* <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__columbia.us6.list-2Dmanage.com_track_click-3Fu-3Dab15cc1d53-26id-3Da53905f45a-26e-3D547ae4f2ff&d=DwMGaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=9uGbBuxLaMKQfQE0fFIuDq5KjWpfz5zRn7kBzO5WHSSPWqsGgY9mOfDf_lnVXeg4&s=0LjvDinpuahxuH-zOMMXGXHyoV08HIpXgdRS2DmBBG4&e=>*).” A copy should kindly be sent to the Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment at **[log in to unmask]* <[log in to unmask]>*.* For further information, including information regarding submission to the *Perspectives*, please contact: Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment, Abigail Greene, [log in to unmask] *Most recent Columbia FDI Perspectives* <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__columbia.us6.list-2Dmanage.com_track_click-3Fu-3Dab15cc1d53-26id-3D04e755cb0d-26e-3D547ae4f2ff&d=DwMGaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=9uGbBuxLaMKQfQE0fFIuDq5KjWpfz5zRn7kBzO5WHSSPWqsGgY9mOfDf_lnVXeg4&s=eRY7MrIeiElI8TS_LEopA0QbNEODJEvy-b8_hp2QnSU&e=> - No. 333, Luca Jobbágy, “BEPS reform: The end of fiscal incentives to attract FDI?,” Columbia FDI Perspectives, June 13, 2022 - No. 332, Katia Yannaca-Small, “Shaping responsible business conduct through a Multilateral Treaty on Due Diligence,” Columbia FDI Perspectives, May 30, 2022 - No. 331, Crina Baltag, “Denying the benefits of the Energy Charter Treaty: Shifting the policy or just the burden of proof?,” Columbia FDI Perspectives, May 16, 2022 *All previous FDI Perspectives are available at https://ccsi.columbia.edu/content/columbia-fdi-perspectives <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__columbia.us6.list-2Dmanage.com_track_click-3Fu-3Dab15cc1d53-26id-3Dbea43226e0-26e-3D547ae4f2ff&d=DwMGaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=9uGbBuxLaMKQfQE0fFIuDq5KjWpfz5zRn7kBzO5WHSSPWqsGgY9mOfDf_lnVXeg4&s=kxBcIb7T7IUaJWG-hDO7FQiCgDmWMbVIecU8j4fmCTY&e=>* . *Other relevant CCSI news and announcements* - *Job Opening: Director of Programs:* In collaboration with the CCSI Director, and working collaboratively with Senior Colleagues, the Director of Programs will support the development of effective strategies toward the achievement of CCSI’s mission and strategic goals. 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Sauvant, PhD* *Resident Senior Fellow* *Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment* Columbia Law School - The Earth Institute, Columbia University 435 West 116th St., Rm. JGH 825, New York, NY 10027 | p: (212) 854 0689 | cell: (646) 724 5600 e: [log in to unmask] | w: www.ccsi.columbia.edu | t: @CCSI_Columbia <https://twitter.com/CCSI_Columbia> *Investment Facilitation for Development: A Toolkit for Policy Makers. Second Edition,* "Agenda for Practice-oriented Research", "WTO Processes Would Benefit from the Input of Civil Society", "How Would a Future WTO Agreement on Investment Facilitation for Development Encourage Sustainable FDI Flows, and How Could it be Further Strengthened?”, "What Foreign Investors Want: Findings from an Investor Survey", "Incentivising Sustainable FDI", "Green FDI: Encouraging Carbon-neutral Investment", "Extending International Legal Aid from Trade to Investment: An Advisory Centre on International Investment Law", "More Attention to Policies! 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