 |
 |
> View this email in your browser > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__mailchi.mp_law_perspective-2D331-3Fe-3Dcb9f266221&d=DwMFaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=gaHC2RJzTfwbmj621-435PDDesIRQSncSadm0mVzUa3dzLy7vUCOG7tuyzrm0WUu&s=H90YjhCOh4Zb6YXeoYokSci_xDlTriU6OSoL5gv8nGc&e=> > > 哥伦比亚大学国际直接投资展望中文版都可以在我们的网站查看: > https://ccsi.columbia.edu/content/columbia-fdi-perspectives > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__columbia.us6.list-2Dmanage.com_track_click-3Fu-3Dab15cc1d53-26id-3D230d4d513f-26e-3Dcb9f266221&d=DwMFaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=gaHC2RJzTfwbmj621-435PDDesIRQSncSadm0mVzUa3dzLy7vUCOG7tuyzrm0WUu&s=scpBQ1Xzhi9W95so2V2wB7kFG7b4OFYZNViY2CsZG5M&e=> > . > *Columbia FDI Perspectives* > Perspectives on topical foreign direct investment issues > Editor-in-Chief: Karl P. Sauvant ([log in to unmask]) > Managing Editor: Riccardo Loschi ([log in to unmask]) > > *The Columbia FDI Perspectives are a forum for public debate. The views > expressed by the authors do not reflect the opinions of CCSI or our > partners and supporters.* > > No. 331 May 16, 2022 > *Denying the benefits of the Energy Charter Treaty: Shifting the policy or > just the burden of proof?* > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__columbia.us6.list-2Dmanage.com_track_click-3Fu-3Dab15cc1d53-26id-3Da45eef1ae9-26e-3Dcb9f266221&d=DwMFaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=gaHC2RJzTfwbmj621-435PDDesIRQSncSadm0mVzUa3dzLy7vUCOG7tuyzrm0WUu&s=jPyNvS2kiWyGjG2wMpz8XtnbdOwpa3cG0zQ2q2TbrdE&e=> > by > Crina Baltag* > <#m_361922105174203202_m_-4575415771703708843_m_-7315063737393969280__edn1> > > The modernization of the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) commenced in November > 2017 with the Energy Charter Conference declaration in Ashgabat > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__columbia.us6.list-2Dmanage.com_track_click-3Fu-3Dab15cc1d53-26id-3De55dfb11a0-26e-3Dcb9f266221&d=DwMFaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=gaHC2RJzTfwbmj621-435PDDesIRQSncSadm0mVzUa3dzLy7vUCOG7tuyzrm0WUu&s=RkAm1ECyw6yEUkH5sn9HP0hNYq_MqMDtDqdKSnbaOl0&e=> > and aims at a “full scale amendment of the ECT.” The main issues are the > definition of investment, investor and the scope of certain standards of > protection; the right to regulate; the MFN clause; the denial-of-benefits > clause; the valuation of damages; third-party funding; sustainable > development; and corporate social responsibility. Although this process is > not as transparent as stakeholders would have wished, leaked cables allow > to make some preliminary observations. > > The ECT’s modernization responds to the need to keep up with, *inter alia*, > changes in the target of energy investments and how certain policies (e.g., > the 2019 EU Clean Energy Package > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__columbia.us6.list-2Dmanage.com_track_click-3Fu-3Dab15cc1d53-26id-3D6fbbc180a8-26e-3Dcb9f266221&d=DwMFaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=gaHC2RJzTfwbmj621-435PDDesIRQSncSadm0mVzUa3dzLy7vUCOG7tuyzrm0WUu&s=eO9eRKAdQcE_X0tq0BqVUzfZwls7reLrHp8iMlg8GTY&e=>) > will affect the ECT’s scope and coverage. It also needs to consider > tribunals’ evolving practice and criticism related to it. The modernization > process is also likely to ponder the effects of the *Achmea* > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__columbia.us6.list-2Dmanage.com_track_click-3Fu-3Dab15cc1d53-26id-3De92b80c593-26e-3Dcb9f266221&d=DwMFaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=gaHC2RJzTfwbmj621-435PDDesIRQSncSadm0mVzUa3dzLy7vUCOG7tuyzrm0WUu&s=sImKg7P5VJrUOCqwUgN1AOXsABH9pQO2NxIU1CyNdSo&e=> > and of the *Komstroy* > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__columbia.us6.list-2Dmanage.com_track_click-3Fu-3Dab15cc1d53-26id-3Db8d7b58ead-26e-3Dcb9f266221&d=DwMFaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=gaHC2RJzTfwbmj621-435PDDesIRQSncSadm0mVzUa3dzLy7vUCOG7tuyzrm0WUu&s=euxirq8ybUkLQubfSxkrInPOq6kW1TvECTNCxD3BR3s&e=> > judgments on the intra-EU application of the ECT. > > As mentioned, one important topic is the reform of the denial-of-benefits > clause in Article 17 > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__columbia.us6.list-2Dmanage.com_track_click-3Fu-3Dab15cc1d53-26id-3Df7bfa293fe-26e-3Dcb9f266221&d=DwMFaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=gaHC2RJzTfwbmj621-435PDDesIRQSncSadm0mVzUa3dzLy7vUCOG7tuyzrm0WUu&s=TE9CCf-N_OMd2lmcesK8QIhq2FykZz3ZqycjRsDt8fM&e=>, > which respondent parties have increasingly invoked in recent years. > > The purpose of denial-of-benefits clauses is to guarantee protection > against the abuse of rights and safeguards of the principle of reciprocity > embodied in investment treaties by excluding from the protection afforded > by the applicable treaty investors or investments that only formally meet > the applicable requirements. The denial-of-benefits clause in the ECT > excludes from the protection of the treaty (i) investors that are owned or > controlled by a legal entity of a third state that do not have substantial > business activities in their home contracting party; and (ii) investments > by investors of third countries with which the respondent has no diplomatic > relations or against which it has imposed economic sanctions. > > At present, the predominant view > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__columbia.us6.list-2Dmanage.com_track_click-3Fu-3Dab15cc1d53-26id-3D8399b7e392-26e-3Dcb9f266221&d=DwMFaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=gaHC2RJzTfwbmj621-435PDDesIRQSncSadm0mVzUa3dzLy7vUCOG7tuyzrm0WUu&s=V7G2JZ5v8xQLMIMExXt4PEpp-Ds6KsFbR3__NEFj6mo&e=> > of the ECT contracting parties is to include in the definition of > “investor” (Article 1(7) > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__columbia.us6.list-2Dmanage.com_track_click-3Fu-3Dab15cc1d53-26id-3D8e2c62a9c4-26e-3Dcb9f266221&d=DwMFaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=gaHC2RJzTfwbmj621-435PDDesIRQSncSadm0mVzUa3dzLy7vUCOG7tuyzrm0WUu&s=VREV00KvhrOqAIGj205HE60mxRAYLZba0DFJc1shdPE&e=> > *)* the requirement that the investor must have “substantive business > activities” in the territory of the home contracting party currently > stipulated by Article 17 > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__columbia.us6.list-2Dmanage.com_track_click-3Fu-3Dab15cc1d53-26id-3D5637c28033-26e-3Dcb9f266221&d=DwMFaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=gaHC2RJzTfwbmj621-435PDDesIRQSncSadm0mVzUa3dzLy7vUCOG7tuyzrm0WUu&s=kSnpzN8_YcxYpchFDywCFQ-y85UISqsy6pkMYvV89CE&e=> > .[1] > <#m_361922105174203202_m_-4575415771703708843_m_-7315063737393969280__edn2> > The suggested amendment stems from the fact that the denial-of-benefits > clause has rarely been upheld by arbitral tribunals and onerously burdens > respondents (see, e.g., *Amto v. Ukraine* > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__columbia.us6.list-2Dmanage.com_track_click-3Fu-3Dab15cc1d53-26id-3D183bd146c2-26e-3Dcb9f266221&d=DwMFaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=gaHC2RJzTfwbmj621-435PDDesIRQSncSadm0mVzUa3dzLy7vUCOG7tuyzrm0WUu&s=XQfgEdYu6jWj9voE8fOoYYsnUvLpWQazhxaSmk9LubE&e=>). > The consequences of this “swap” are significant. First, scenario (i) > mentioned above will be erased if the “substantial business activity” > requirement is moved to Article 1(7). Second, the proposed change would > shift the burden of demonstrating that investors have “substantive business > activities” in their home countries onto claimants.[2] > <#m_361922105174203202_m_-4575415771703708843_m_-7315063737393969280__edn3> > > As mentioned in a previous *Perspective* > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__columbia.us6.list-2Dmanage.com_track_click-3Fu-3Dab15cc1d53-26id-3Ddfe2cd6164-26e-3Dcb9f266221&d=DwMFaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=gaHC2RJzTfwbmj621-435PDDesIRQSncSadm0mVzUa3dzLy7vUCOG7tuyzrm0WUu&s=gFfbkFuPNRQzpARLtoWox4TAmPnRwFDdEGk3TrgP5sE&e=>, > a “substantive business activity” requirement to access ECT protection also > signals that contracting parties are shifting their policy away from the > promotion and protection toward the regulation of investment. This change, > arguably, may also be procedurally appropriate: investors are better placed > to document their activities in the contracting parties in which they are > organized. > > This change however comes without an “instruction manual”.[3] > <#m_361922105174203202_m_-4575415771703708843_m_-7315063737393969280__edn4> > Unlike other modern investment treaties, such as the 2019 Dutch Model BIT > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__columbia.us6.list-2Dmanage.com_track_click-3Fu-3Dab15cc1d53-26id-3D135f2e4e4c-26e-3Dcb9f266221&d=DwMFaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=gaHC2RJzTfwbmj621-435PDDesIRQSncSadm0mVzUa3dzLy7vUCOG7tuyzrm0WUu&s=1b9SC96KG8lt23w8muhRfzEDqbiklCr3PK_TJuZKA8c&e=>, > the ECT modernization draft contains no explanation of how to assess the > “substantive activity” of investors in a home contracting party. > > An exhaustive definition of “substantive business activity” may not be > possible, nor desirable, as each business should be assessed on a > case-by-case basis. A better solution would be the one proposed in the > Dutch Model BIT, namely, to develop a list of non-exhaustive “indicators” > to assist in determining the existence of substantive business activities > in the home country. These may include: (i) the registration and existence > of an office, administration, headquarters, and/or management in the home > country, (ii) the number of employees and their qualifications, (iii) the > turnover generated in the home country, and (iv) production facilities > and/or research laboratories located there. Other issues to be decided are > whether such indicators should be assessed individually or globally and > whether they should be read cumulatively or alternatively. ECT contracting > parties could also find guidance in tax law, where certain jurisdictions > (e.g., the U.S. > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__columbia.us6.list-2Dmanage.com_track_click-3Fu-3Dab15cc1d53-26id-3D059f1d1691-26e-3Dcb9f266221&d=DwMFaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=gaHC2RJzTfwbmj621-435PDDesIRQSncSadm0mVzUa3dzLy7vUCOG7tuyzrm0WUu&s=Oie2K3rGVz96_h3SZVpBAHJb7OeFSdVBBKhh49exIr0&e=>) > apply the “substance-over-form” doctrine to prevent the use of artificial > structures for tax-avoidance purposes. Going a step further, one can wonder > whether the above-mentioned principle of reciprocity could be better > achieved by requiring investors to show that they are ultimately owned or > controlled by citizens or nationals of an ECT Contracting Party, rather > than by showing a “substantive business activity”. > > The recent round > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__columbia.us6.list-2Dmanage.com_track_click-3Fu-3Dab15cc1d53-26id-3Dab866f87b5-26e-3Dcb9f266221&d=DwMFaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=gaHC2RJzTfwbmj621-435PDDesIRQSncSadm0mVzUa3dzLy7vUCOG7tuyzrm0WUu&s=4mDTdG3Qdp1GY7crib-gQg8gZcOF4wVO4Kt5zZUYm50&e=> > of ECT discussions saw negotiations about various issues, including about > the definition of investor and the denial-of-benefits clause. However, it > remains unclear whether consensus has been reached. In any event, > additional guidance to assess “substantive business activity” would > increase certainty and clarity, in particular where complex corporate > structures may trigger concerns of the ECT’s coverage. > > ------------------------------ > * > <#m_361922105174203202_m_-4575415771703708843_m_-7315063737393969280__ednref1> > Crina Baltag ([log in to unmask]) is Associate Professor in > International Arbitration and director of the Master Program in > International Commercial Arbitration Law at Stockholm University. The > author wishes to thank Nathalie Bernasconi, Jarrod Hepburn and Yulia > Levashova for their helpful peer reviews. > [1] > <#m_361922105174203202_m_-4575415771703708843_m_-7315063737393969280__ednref2> > The proposal also contemplates changing the term “substantial” to > “substantive”. > [2] > <#m_361922105174203202_m_-4575415771703708843_m_-7315063737393969280__ednref3> > Tribunals have only recently held that respondents validly invoked the > denial-of-benefits clause; see *Littop Enterprises Limited and others v. > Ukraine* > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__columbia.us6.list-2Dmanage.com_track_click-3Fu-3Dab15cc1d53-26id-3D267319c441-26e-3Dcb9f266221&d=DwMFaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=gaHC2RJzTfwbmj621-435PDDesIRQSncSadm0mVzUa3dzLy7vUCOG7tuyzrm0WUu&s=tpE3u1rLQrHnPQSkKJ8IraaBY-AMoNVFsCeNrrj690E&e=>, > Final Award, 4 February 2021, para. 639. > [3] > <#m_361922105174203202_m_-4575415771703708843_m_-7315063737393969280__ednref4> > The “substantive business activity” test, as is, risks to be excessively > abstract and criticized on the same grounds as the “contribution to the > development of the host state” criterion proposed by the *Salini* > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__columbia.us6.list-2Dmanage.com_track_click-3Fu-3Dab15cc1d53-26id-3D0413f3d928-26e-3Dcb9f266221&d=DwMFaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=gaHC2RJzTfwbmj621-435PDDesIRQSncSadm0mVzUa3dzLy7vUCOG7tuyzrm0WUu&s=_9jSjRgoTcwEFv5H9R7LN-NAS2S2Jh5Q47Enwtgc1Uo&e=> > test. > *The material in this Perspective may be reprinted if accompanied by the > following acknowledgment: “Crina Baltag, ‘Denying the benefits of the > Energy Charter Treaty: Shifting the policy or just the burden of proof?,’ > Columbia FDI Perspectives No. 331, May 16, 2022. Reprinted with permission > from the Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment (* > *http://ccsi.columbia.edu* > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__columbia.us6.list-2Dmanage.com_track_click-3Fu-3Dab15cc1d53-26id-3De1f301414e-26e-3Dcb9f266221&d=DwMFaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=gaHC2RJzTfwbmj621-435PDDesIRQSncSadm0mVzUa3dzLy7vUCOG7tuyzrm0WUu&s=EZmqCi1qnBHmj1iRrJKln7u8ay4WV22S-3x761_KIPQ&e=>*).” > A copy should kindly be sent to the Columbia Center on Sustainable > Investment at **[log in to unmask]* <[log in to unmask]>*.* > > For further information, including information regarding submission to the > *Perspectives*, please contact: Columbia Center on Sustainable > Investment, Riccardo Loschi, [log in to unmask]; Luca Jobbagy, > [log in to unmask] > > *Most recent Columbia FDI Perspectives* > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__columbia.us6.list-2Dmanage.com_track_click-3Fu-3Dab15cc1d53-26id-3D2e061277fe-26e-3Dcb9f266221&d=DwMFaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=gaHC2RJzTfwbmj621-435PDDesIRQSncSadm0mVzUa3dzLy7vUCOG7tuyzrm0WUu&s=Glk06X3qmdAe5CwkXvd07Bj60sbmDO2xsDDcJsY8_Gk&e=> > > > - No 330, Karl P. Sauvant and Rebecca Chacon Naranjo, “WTO processes > would benefit from the input of civil society”, Columbia FDI Perspectives, > May 8, 2022 > - No. 329, Stephen Pursey, “They can run but they can’t hide: MNEs and > responsible business conduct,” Columbia FDI Perspectives, April 1, 2022 > - No. 328, Roger Strange, “The future of global value chains: Key > issues,” Columbia FDI Perspectives, April 4, 2022 > > *All previous FDI Perspectives are available at > https://ccsi.columbia.edu/content/columbia-fdi-perspectives > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__columbia.us6.list-2Dmanage.com_track_click-3Fu-3Dab15cc1d53-26id-3D14abc7e51d-26e-3Dcb9f266221&d=DwMFaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=gaHC2RJzTfwbmj621-435PDDesIRQSncSadm0mVzUa3dzLy7vUCOG7tuyzrm0WUu&s=9XVFZhAgTQGFxgz9ZhTiXi718EPSssRHh_-mXHpdsrw&e=>* > . > > *Other relevant CCSI news and announcements* > > - *Job Opening: Director of Programs:* In collaboration with the CCSI > Director, and working collaboratively with Senior Colleagues, the Director > of Programs will support the development of effective strategies toward the > achievement of CCSI’s mission and strategic goals. In particular, the > Director of Programs will help to identify a portfolio of impactful > projects, ensuring that resources and programs are effectively and > adaptively managed; will contribute a profound understanding of how to > leverage research findings into concrete outcomes and impact; and will > develop systems to ensure the research team has balanced workloads, strong > motivation and workplace fulfilment. *A longer description of the > role, including key responsibilities and personal characteristics, is > linked here > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__columbia.us6.list-2Dmanage.com_track_click-3Fu-3Dab15cc1d53-26id-3Df10307a356-26e-3Dcb9f266221&d=DwMFaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=gaHC2RJzTfwbmj621-435PDDesIRQSncSadm0mVzUa3dzLy7vUCOG7tuyzrm0WUu&s=9Sxd9h99AfIf3FC8VYPUHS8bvRpflZH8GIWjNJnuKzs&e=>. Please > see here > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__columbia.us6.list-2Dmanage.com_track_click-3Fu-3Dab15cc1d53-26id-3Dc6f19a1318-26e-3Dcb9f266221&d=DwMFaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=gaHC2RJzTfwbmj621-435PDDesIRQSncSadm0mVzUa3dzLy7vUCOG7tuyzrm0WUu&s=Z5fXfH-LwRU5sV6jVPVMWJrZfQ5VomIdEe4WkyKaqdc&e=> for > more details and to apply.* > - *Job Opening: Senior Legal Researcher, Investment Law and Policy: *This > position will collaborate with CCSI’s Director and Research Staff to > execute the Center’s applied research agenda on the laws, policies, and > practices that shape international investment and its alignment with > sustainable development and human rights. *Please see here > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__columbia.us6.list-2Dmanage.com_track_click-3Fu-3Dab15cc1d53-26id-3D605eaacae4-26e-3Dcb9f266221&d=DwMFaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=gaHC2RJzTfwbmj621-435PDDesIRQSncSadm0mVzUa3dzLy7vUCOG7tuyzrm0WUu&s=Y7zCv6WV_7liXPWgJHiN5Y2O6q527E2XeSdCso3qtRA&e=> for > more details and to apply.* > - *Job Opening: Senior Legal Researcher, Land, Agriculture and Food > Systems: *CCSI is seeking a Senior Legal Researcher to work on our Land, > Agriculture & Food Systems > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__columbia.us6.list-2Dmanage.com_track_click-3Fu-3Dab15cc1d53-26id-3D850fde47f7-26e-3Dcb9f266221&d=DwMFaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=gaHC2RJzTfwbmj621-435PDDesIRQSncSadm0mVzUa3dzLy7vUCOG7tuyzrm0WUu&s=h-GBZOHdAOy_sSvJ7jgUFVTd_D3M6evKqAs8pnsZRgI&e=> portfolio > of projects. The position will support research, advisory work, and the > organization and delivery of capacity building programs related to CCSI’s > work on strengthening the governance of land-based investment (including > agriculture, extractive industries, renewable energy projects, and > nature-based solutions). *Please see here > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__columbia.us6.list-2Dmanage.com_track_click-3Fu-3Dab15cc1d53-26id-3Da06253643c-26e-3Dcb9f266221&d=DwMFaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=gaHC2RJzTfwbmj621-435PDDesIRQSncSadm0mVzUa3dzLy7vUCOG7tuyzrm0WUu&s=Kj22UcYHem89-0nP80cpJ_Eg3FJqDD1-9txnKsFLqb4&e=> for > more details and to apply.* > > Karl P. Sauvant, Ph.D. > Resident Senior Fellow > Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment > Columbia Law School - Earth Institute > Ph: (212) 854-0689 > Fax: (212) 854-7946 > *Copyright © 2022 Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment (CCSI), All > rights reserved.* > [log in to unmask] > > *Our mailing address is:* > Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment (CCSI) > Columbia Law School - Earth Institute, Columbia University > 435 West 116th Street > New York, NY 10027 > > Add us to your address book > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__columbia.us6.list-2Dmanage.com_vcard-3Fu-3Dab15cc1d53-26id-3Da61bf1d34a&d=DwMFaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=gaHC2RJzTfwbmj621-435PDDesIRQSncSadm0mVzUa3dzLy7vUCOG7tuyzrm0WUu&s=J5OdtWWPFGIjO--gwmZr0l8Obe4p9Jg-2Z6PLJ_7iDM&e=> > > > unsubscribe from this list > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__columbia.us6.list-2Dmanage.com_unsubscribe-3Fu-3Dab15cc1d53-26id-3Da61bf1d34a-26e-3Dcb9f266221-26c-3D6bd9901813&d=DwMFaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=gaHC2RJzTfwbmj621-435PDDesIRQSncSadm0mVzUa3dzLy7vUCOG7tuyzrm0WUu&s=DEoXNHmxOHxhsfBC-rsFqYGfvp24R48zK_y7N2qZMmI&e=> > update subscription preferences > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__columbia.us6.list-2Dmanage.com_profile-3Fu-3Dab15cc1d53-26id-3Da61bf1d34a-26e-3Dcb9f266221-26c-3D6bd9901813&d=DwMFaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=gaHC2RJzTfwbmj621-435PDDesIRQSncSadm0mVzUa3dzLy7vUCOG7tuyzrm0WUu&s=1Sm3s8OVWf-0FKkXhwrKFUXQLzEncwbJqchNDdZCGPA&e=> > > > [image: Email Marketing Powered by Mailchimp] > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.mailchimp.com_email-2Dreferral_-3Futm-5Fsource-3Dfreemium-5Fnewsletter-26utm-5Fmedium-3Demail-26utm-5Fcampaign-3Dreferral-5Fmarketing-26aid-3Dab15cc1d53-26afl-3D1&d=DwMFaQ&c=009klHSCxuh5AI1vNQzSO0KGjl4nbi2Q0M1QLJX9BeE&r=I9zAJIudsa5yxlT_Id_PF9eN7Z6KIuzTooqox3bxfWw&m=gaHC2RJzTfwbmj621-435PDDesIRQSncSadm0mVzUa3dzLy7vUCOG7tuyzrm0WUu&s=_Y6otCuKp7fHttBQdxgBe1LANAz-mcCoSW0eHX2FqUs&e=> > -- *Karl P. Sauvant, PhD* *Resident Senior Fellow* *Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment* Columbia Law School - The Earth Institute, Columbia University 435 West 116th St., Rm. JGH 825, New York, NY 10027 | p: (212) 854 0689 | cell: (646) 724 5600 e: [log in to unmask] | w: www.ccsi.columbia.edu | t: @CCSI_Columbia <https://twitter.com/CCSI_Columbia> "Agenda for Practice-oriented Research", "WTO Processes Would Benefit from the Input of Civil Society", "How Would a Future WTO Agreement on Investment Facilitation for Development Encourage Sustainable FDI Flows, and How Could it be Further Strengthened?”, "What Foreign Investors Want: Findings from an Investor Survey", "Incentivising Sustainable FDI", "Leveraging Digital FDI for Capacity and Competitiveness", "Green FDI: Encouraging Carbon-neutral Investment", "Facilitating Sustainable Investment to Build Back Better", "Extending International Legal Aid from Trade to Investment: An Advisory Centre on International Investment Law", "Increasing Transparency in Investment Facilitation: Focussed Support is Needed", *Investment Facilitation for Development: A Toolkit for Policymakers*, "More Attention to Policies! Improving the Distribution of FDI Benefits", "More and Better Investment Now!", "Facilitating Sustainable FDI in a WTO Investment Facilitation Framework: Four Concrete Proposals", "An Inventory of Concrete Measures to Facilitate the Flow of Sustainable FDI: What? Why? How?", are available at https://ssrn.com/author=2461782 . ____ AIB-L is brought to you by the Academy of International Business. For information: http://aib.msu.edu/community/aib-l.asp To post message: [log in to unmask] For assistance: [log in to unmask] AIB-L is a moderated list.