Columbia FDI PerspectivesPerspectives on topical foreign direct investment issues Editor-in-Chief: Karl P. Sauvant (Karl.Sauvant@law.columbia.edu) Managing Editor: Riccardo Loschi (Riccardo.loschi@columbia.edu)
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No. 330 May 2, 2022 |
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WTO processes would benefit from the input of civil society by Karl P. Sauvant and Rebecca Chacon Naranjo* WTO negotiations involve complex issues. Negotiators are typically government officials who—while adept in international negotiations—may lack the detailed expertise and practical experience related to specific issues that are the subject of negotiations. Negotiators could therefore benefit from the information that civil society—including the private sector, trade unions, NGOs, academia—can provide. Civil-society representatives can contribute practical expertise and experience and increase the acceptability of outcomes. Their participation also adds transparency.
The WTO’s 1994 Marrakesh founding document recognized the value of civil society in Article V.2: “The General Council may make appropriate arrangements for consultation and cooperation with non-governmental organizations concerned with matters related to those of the WTO.” Yet, not much has changed since 1994.[1] Civil-society involvement today primarily consists of briefings, national and regional outreach and informal trade dialogues with the WTO Secretariat.[2] Members engage ad hoc at the national level. The only broad-based outreach event is the Public Forum organized by the Secretariat,[3] an annual series of panels involving WTO members, NGOs, academics, and private sector and labor organizations.[4] The WTO negotiations of an Investment Facilitation for Development (IFD) Agreement offer an opportunity to at least institutionalize civil-society input into the implementation and operation of this prospective Agreement, an Agreement that focuses on specific technical measures. To this end, the negotiators can draw on the OECD’s fruitful experience with its Business and Industry Advisory Committee (BIAC), the Trade Union Advisory Committee (TUAC) and OECD Watch:
- BIAC and TUAC represent key stakeholders from OECD members that “bring in the views of civil society”, working as “formal consultative bodies”.[5] BIAC and TUAC are umbrella associations.[6] They have official consultative status as OECD independent institutional partners and, specifically, are “designated as ‘advisory bodies’ to the OECD’s Investment Committee”.[7] BIAC liaises with the business community through its policy groups, while TUAC does so with trade unions through its Administrative Committee, to arrive at consensus positions that are presented in the OECD. Both engage in regular consultations with the Organisation on various policy matters, including the Investment Committee that oversees investment policy issues, including the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises. They also ensure that the Guidelines and National Contact Points are known to, and understood by, members.
- OECD Watch represents over 130 NGOs and other civil society organizations from 55 countries at the OECD. It is not an institutionalized committee like BIAC and TUAC; its current scope is primarily limited to advising the OECD’s Investment Committee, including regarding the Guidelines and National Contact Points.
Reflecting on its experience, the OECD observes: “[W]e believe that engaging with civil society helps improve our policy recommendations and our impact on society”.[8]
Given this experience, the negotiators of the WTO IFD Agreement should provide for a mechanism that gives consultative status to civil society in relation to the Committee on Investment Facilitation that the Agreement seeks to establish. The mechanism should create a clear process for input by civil society into the deliberations of that Committee. The purpose should be to contribute, in an on-going dialogue, ground-level, practical expertise and experience for the implementation and operation of this Agreement. Such a mechanism and process—complementing ad-hoc contacts—could be patterned on the OECD’s successful model involving BIAC, TUAC and OECD Watch. Almost 30 years ago, the WTO’s Marrakesh Agreement provided the mandate to consult and cooperate with civil society. It is high time to take action. The WTO’s Director-General should encourage members to do so and facilitate forging a consensus among WTO members. The negotiators of the IFD Agreement can pioneer this effort. They should aim for an effective Agreement and set a precedent for the modernization of the WTO. They should not miss this opportunity.
* Karl P. Sauvant (karlsauvant@gmail.com) is Resident Senior Fellow, Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment, a joint center of Columbia Law School and the Earth Institute, Columbia University; Rebecca Chacon Naranjo (rc3377@columbia.edu) is a Sciences Po Paris graduate and an LLM candidate for 2022 at Columbia Law School. The authors wish to thank Marian Ingrams, Bernard Kuiten, Petros Mavroidis, Stephen Pursey, and Manfred Schekulin for their comments on earlier drafts, and Karl Brauner, Bernard Hoekman and Harsha V. Singh for their helpful peer reviews. [1] Even though the General Council agreed on “Guidelines” in 1996. [2] Initiated by Roberto Azevêdo and organized upon request by civil society. [4] However, Supachai Panitchpakdi established informal advisory bodies with business organizations and NGOs in 2003; this initiative was discontinued—Carlos Braga and Athanasios Kondis, “The WTO and the business community”, p. 13. |
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The material in this Perspective may be reprinted if accompanied by the following acknowledgment: “Karl P. Sauvant and Rebecca Chacon Naranjo, ‘WTO processes would benefit from the input of civil society,’” Columbia FDI Perspectives No. 330, May 2, 2022. Reprinted with permission from the Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment (http://ccsi.columbia.edu).” A copy should kindly be sent to the Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment at ccsi@law.columbia.edu. |
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For further information, including information regarding submission to the Perspectives, please contact: Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment, Riccardo Loschi, riccardo.loschi@columbia.edu; Luca Jobbagy, lj2406@columbia.edu. Most recent Columbia FDI Perspectives - No. 329, Stephen Pursey, “They can run but they can’t hide: MNEs and responsible business conduct,” Columbia FDI Perspectives, April 1, 2022
- No. 328, Roger Strange, “The future of global value chains: Key issues,” Columbia FDI Perspectives, April 4, 2022
- No. 327, Ucheora Onwuamaegbu, “A managed dispute-resolution insurance scheme for countries in investor-state arbitration: Ensuring early legal representation of respondents,” Columbia FDI Perspectives, March 21, 2022
All previous FDI Perspectives are available at https://ccsi.columbia.edu/content/columbia-fdi-perspectives.
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Karl P. Sauvant, Ph.D. Resident Senior Fellow Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment Columbia Law School - Earth Institute Ph: (212) 854-0689 Fax: (212) 854-7946 |
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