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Special Issue
Call for Papers
International Journal of Emerging Markets
Cross Border Mergers and Acquisitions in and out of Emerging Markets: Success and Failure Factors
Guest Editors
Yaakov Weber
College of Management Academic Studies
Shlomo Tarba
University of Birmingham
The acquisitions of companies located in emerging markets as well as M&A deals that have originated from emerging market firms in recent years account for a large share of foreign direct investment (Rottig, 2017). Furthermore, the majority of outward foreign direct investment from EMs is created through M&As that help firms to achieve strategic objectives such as growth and acquisitions of technology and resources. However, the number of studies that focus on M&As in and out of EMs is much smaller than those studies that analyze M&As in and out of developed economies, which constitute a major research gap and opportunity for future studies. For example, a recent review of the literature on the critical success factors of M&As (Goems, Angwin, Weber and Tarba, 2013), concluded that there is a scarcity of theoretical and empirical work examining cross-border M&As by EM firms. Moreover, based on a meta-analysis of culture’s consequences for acquisition performance, Rottig (2017: 28) notes that “the majority of culture-related acquisition performance research is based on samples of acquirers and targets in developed countries with a recent emergence of studies examining acquisitions of Western-based firms in emerging markets. Interestingly, however, we could not identify a single empirical study that examined the effects of cultural differences on acquisition performance based on a sample of acquisitions of emerging market targets by emerging market acquirers. Against the background of the recent proliferation of acquisitions across emerging markets – with emerging market acquirers accounting for 53 percent of global cross-border acquisitions and 72 percent of targets being located in emerging markets (UNCTAD, 2014) – future research is likely to make a contribution by theoretically examining the unique institutional environments of emerging markets, developing location-specific conceptual models for the culture-based acquisition performance determinants in these markets, and empirically analyzing such models based on samples of acquirers and target firms that are indigenous to these markets.” These reviews point out the need for more research on M&As within EMs as well as M&As originating from EM firms.
Most of the literature on M&As in and out of EMs is based on samples from only one single country such as China or India, and the results are mixed. It is questionable whether conclusions from one EM can be generalized to other EM firms. Furthermore, there is a lack of research testing the applicability of findings and theories from the literature on cross-border M&A in developed countries in the context of M&A in and out of EM. For example, more research is needed on the unique institutional (external and internal) factors in EMs that impact the strategies, implementation and performance of M&A in EMs (e.g., see Rottig, 2016)
This special issue aims to foster research streams on antecedents (factors affecting performance) and outcomes (performance) of cross-border mergers and acquisitions in and out of emerging markets. This complex, widespread and growing phenomenon of M&A will require the incorporation of multidisciplinary, multi-level and cross-cultural models and analyses (Weber, 2012; Weber, Tarba and Oberg, 2014).
We invite papers that focus on theories and findings that explain pre- and post-M&A processes in EMs. We encourage both conceptual and empirical contributions that may address, but are not limited to, the following topics:
Multidisciplinary approach and interrelationships among M&A stages in and out EMs:
· What insights can perspectives from strategy, organizational behavior, international management, psychology, sociology, anthropology and other disciplines provide to our understanding of M&As performance in and out EMs?
· Given that some studies show that experience does not necessarily lead to better performance, how can Learning theory, Knowledge-based-view and Resource-based-view explain the contribution of various stages on M&A performance in EMs?
· Do strategic goals, strategic choices and screening processes during the pre-merger stage lead to different psychological experiences and outcomes that require different HR practices in M&As?
· What is the link between HR practices, synergy expectations and synergy exploitation at M&As in EMs?
Success Factors at M&A Stages in and out of EMs
· What are the success factors during the planning, due-diligence, and screening stages of M&A in EMs?
· How the unique institutional contexts of emerging markets affect M&A performance?
· What are the roles of leadership and trust during different stages of M&A in EMs?
· What are the best practices for synergy realization in M&As in and out EMs?
· Under what circumstances (e.g., institutional contexts, industries, firm size) are communication, training, staffing, recruiting, rewarding and other practices during the pre and post-merger period the most effective (e.g., Weber and Tarba, 2010; Weber and Tarba, 2012; Weber, Shenkar and Raveh, 2006; )?
Important Dates:
Paper Submission Deadline: December 20, 2018
Publication: Around Mid 2020
Guidelines on Submission:
• Please visit the International Journal of Emerging Market at www.emeraldinsight.com/journal/ijoem to know more about the manuscript requirements.
• Submissions to the International Journal of Emerging Markets are made using ScholarOne Manuscripts, the online submission and peer review system. Registration and access is available through http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/ijoem
References:
Chatterjee, S., Lubatkin, M.H., Schweiger, D.M. and Weber, Y., (1992),”Cultural Differences and Shareholders Value: Explaining the Variability in the Performance of Related Mergers”, Strategic Management Journal, 13, 319-334
Gomes, E., Angwin, D. N., Weber, Y., & Tarba, S. Y. 2013. Critical success factors through the mergers and acquisitions process: Revealing pre- and post-M&A connections for improved performance. Thunderbird International Business Review, 55(1): 13-35.
Rottig, D. 2016. Institutions and emerging markets: Effects and implications for multinational corporations. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 11(1): 2-17.
Rottig, D. 2017. Meta-analyses of culture's consequences for acquisition performance: An examination of statistical artifacts, methodological moderators and the context of emerging markets. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 12(1): 8-37.
Weber, Y. 2012. Handbook of Research on Mergers and Acquisitions. Edward Elgar, MA, USA.
Weber, Y. Tarba, S. and Reichal, A. (2009)"International Mergers and Acquisitions Performance Revisited - The Role of Cultural Distance and
Post- Acquisition Integration Approach" , Advances in Mergers and Acquisitions. Vol. 8, 1-18
Weber, Y. and Tarba, S. (2010) "Human Resource Practices and Performance of Mergers and Acquisitions in Israel" Human Resource Management
Review, 20, 203-211.
Weber, Y. and Fried Y. (2011) "The Role of HR Practices in Managing Culture Clash during Post Merger Integration process" Human Resource Management, Vol. 50 (5), 565-569.
Weber, Y., and Tarba, S.Y. (2012). Mergers and Acquisitions Process:The Use of Corporate Culture Analysis. Cross-Cultural Management:An International Journal
Weber, Y. Rahman-Mor, D. and Tarba, S. (2012) "Managing Cross Cultural Conflicts in Organizations" International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 12(1): 73-99
Weber, Y., Shenkar, O. and Raveh, A., (1996), “National and Corporate Culture Fit in Mergers/ Acquisitions: An Exploratory Study.” Management
Science, Vol. 42, No. 8, 1215-1227.
Weber, Y, Tarba, S. and Oberg, C. A comprehensive Guide to Mergers and Acquisitions Management: Integration and Implementation. Financial Times Press, New York, NY, 2014.
Prof. Yaakov Weber
1. Director, Research Unit
School of Business Administration
College of Management
Rabin Blvd. 7
Rishon Lezion, Israel.
2. President, EMRBI and EMAB
EuroMed Research Business Institute and EuroMed Academy of Business
www.emrbi.org
Dear Colleagues,
We have started to receive abstract submissions to the
IJOPM Special Issue Workshop on "The Use of Social Media in Operations and Supply Chain Management" to be held on
21-22 March 2019 in Liverpool, UK. Interested authors should submit their abstracts (within 300 words) to
[log in to unmask] by 31 December 2018.
This workshop will provide a good opportunity for researchers to present their relevant works, to seek advice from the guest editors of
IJOPM’s special issue, and to meet and discuss with other researchers with similar research interests.
More information about this workshop can be found at
http://www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/products/journals/call_for_papers.htm?id=8116 and
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328823083 (PDF version).
We are looking forward to receiving your submissions!
Workshop Chairs:
Professor T. C. E. Cheng (The Hong Kong Polytechnic University)
Dr Hugo K. S. Lam (University of Liverpool)
Professor Andrew C. Lyons (University of Liverpool)
Professor Andy C. L. Yeung (The Hong Kong Polytechnic University)
Dear colleagues,
One month left for our Focused Issue deadline, looking forward to receiving your submissions! Do not hesitate to contact me if you have any question.
Management International Review
Call for Papers for a Focused Issue
INTERNATIONAL NETWORKING AND SUCCESS- VS. FAILURE-BASED LEARNING OF SMES
Guest Editors
Timothy M. Devinney, University of Leeds (UK)
Jeoung Yul Lee, Chongqing Technology & Business U./Hongik U./U. of Leeds (China/South Korea/UK)
Alfredo Jimenez, KEDGE Business School (France)
In recent decades small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have undertaken a huge volume of cross-border foreign direct investment (FDI). These entrepreneurial organizations created innovative products and services, entering various countries based on entrepreneurial capabilities linked to their home countries. In adapting for these new territories, SMEs were required to construct local networks within their host countries, and, in turn, link into global networks based on their technological, managerial, and marketing capabilities.
However, despite this golden era of SMEs internationalization, many SMEs both from developed and developing regions fail in their attempts to conquer overseas markets. One major reason explaining SMEs failure is the lack of significant advantages, particularly in terms of technological capabilities or local and global networking abilities. Similarly, another critical determinant is SMEs success- versus failure-based learning from both self and peer successes or failures. This learning pattern echoes Madsen and Desai (2010), who showed the importance of self and peer success or failure effects on organizational learning, specifically its emphasis of failing to learn versus succeeding to learn. Both self and vicarious success- versus failure-based learning by SMEs can interact with international networking within the global realm.
The goal of this Focused Issue is to motivate researchers into exploring knowledge regarding the creation and capture of entrepreneurial opportunities across borders via international networking, specifically interplaying with organizational learning based on self and vicarious success- versus failure-based learning. Examples of appropriate topics and research questions for this focused issues submissions include, but are not limited, to the following:
- How can perspectives from the entrepreneurship, international business, and organizational theory unify and improve homogeneous versus heterogeneous constructs and operational definitions for the international networking and success- versus failure-learning of SMEs?
- What mechanisms are included in the creation and capture of international networking opportunities across national borders by SMEs?
- How do the pursuit of international opportunities via international networking and its interplay with success- versus failure-based learning vary across SME types?
- How does self and vicarious learning by internationalized SMEs affect future successes and failures? How does this self and vicarious learning interplay with international networking by large MNEs versus SMEs?
We particularly welcome both conceptual and empirical research on the above themes regarding internationalized SMEs disciplines that have been under-represented to date. All authors who are invited to revise and resubmit their manuscripts are expected to present their papers at the Focused Issue Workshop hosted at Chongqing Technology & Business University, which will provide individual accommodations for two nights to one author from every paper invited to revise and resubmit after the first round, as well as cover all local workshop expenses (meals, etc.).
Submission InformationAll papers will be subject to double-blind peer review
Authors should follow MIR guidelines: http://www.springer.com/business+%26+management/journal/11575
Contributions should be submitted in English, in a Microsoft Word or compatible format via e-mail attachment to Jeoung Yul Lee ([log in to unmask])
Questions can be addressed to any of the co-editors: Timothy M. Devinney ([log in to unmask]), Jeoung Yul Lee ([log in to unmask]), or Alfredo Jimenez ([log in to unmask])
Submission deadline: 10 January 2019 Special Issue Workshop, Chongqing, China: 20 August 2019
Any further information can be found on the MIR website: http://www.springer.com/business+%26+management/journal/11575
Reference
Madsen, P. M., & Desai, V. (2010). Failing to learn? The effects of failure and success on organizational learning in the global orbital launch vehicle industry. Academy of Management Journal, 53(3), 451C476.
The Center for Global Business at the Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland invites you to apply for a Faculty Development in International Business (FDIB) program to Cuba in May 2019.
The goal of the program is to enable participants to develop a better understanding of the working of the Cuban economy within its broader historical, political and cultural context, and to get a sense of the changes that are underway both domestically and in the context of the US-Cuba relationship. The program will also enable participants to develop connections with counterparts at Cuban universities. Through business visits and speaking engagements with professionals, government representatives, and the higher education community in Cuba, the program will explore topics of high current relevance, including the Cuban investment laws, currency and exchange rate system, and investment opportunities. For more information on the program, please click here.
The program application is still open and applications are being considered until January 15. We encourage you to apply as soon as possible since a limited number of slots are available on this program.
The Center for Global Business at the Smith School is home to one of 15 Centers for International Business Education (CIBE) in the country. CIBE, a Title VI grant from the U.S. Department of Education, serves as a regional and national resource center for teaching, research, and outreach in international business. CIBE encourages faculty who are interested in expanding their global business knowledge and bringing the world into their classroom to pursue a FDIB program.
In the event you have any questions, please do not hesitate to reach out to us at [log in to unmask].
Sincerely,
Center for Global Business
CALL FOR PAPER PROPOSALS
25 YEARS SINCE TRIPS:
PATENT POLICY AND INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
A Special Issue to be published in the
Journal of International Business Policy
Proposal Submission Deadline Date: extended to January 10, 2019
Special Issue Co-Editors:
Suma Athreye Professor of Technology Strategy Essex Business School Southend Campus University of Essex Email: | Lucia Piscitello Professor of International Business, DIG-Politecnico di Milano Milan and University of Reading, UK Email: | Ken Shadlen Professor in Development Studies Department of International Development London School of Economics Email: |
Special Issue Description
Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) have become ubiquitous in current debates about trade and globalization, and have emerged as a key issue of contention in global trade and investment negotiations. The 'Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights' (TRIPS), signed in 1994 as a founding element of the World Trade Organization, represents the most important attempt to establish a global harmonization of Intellectual Property protection, creating international standards for the protection of patents, copyrights, trademarks and designs. As part of the World Trade Organization, it also is subject to that organization’s dispute settlement system, and thus, unlike previous international agreements on IPRs, includes enforcement procedures at the intergovernmental level.
Protecting IPRs of course means different things for firms, who most profit from them, and for governments, who bear the burden of creating the infrastructure for the enforcement of IPRs (and, in some areas, are among the major consumers of goods protected by IPRs). The processes of IP legislation and enforcement can thus be difficult and controversial. In designing IP polices governments need to mindful of balancing the reward for innovative activity with the incentives for diffusion of that innovation. Put differently, the interests of the producers must be arrayed against the interests of the consumer. Even within a national economy, this may be difficult as producers are much better organized to lobby policy than are consumers (Olsen 1962). In an international context this can be almost impossible to achieve without some supra-national intervention. Thus the adoption of TRIPS at the multilateral level and its implementation at national levels has been fraught with conflicts, as many political scientists (e.g. May and Sell, 2006; Ryan, 1998; Sell, 2003; Matthews 2002; Deere 2008) and economists (e.g., Archibugi and Filippetti, 2010; Maskus, 2000; Maskus and Reichman, 2005) have shown.
Nearly two and a half decades after TRIPS came into effect, much has changed in the global innovation landscape. Technology trade has flourished and more technology has been transferred to emerging market subsidiaries by MNEs. China has emerged as a major power making huge strides in patenting in both domestic, European and US jurisdictions (Hu et al 2017; Li 2012). Indian public research institutes like CSIR have found patenting has helped them become more self-reliant for funds. New institutional forms of Intellectual Property which pool patents have also emerged in response to the global challenges. Examples include the Medicines Patent Pool (MPP) to tackle AIDS (WIPO 2011), the GAVI alliance to improve childhood immunization (Kremer and Grennerster, 2004) and the EcoPatent Commons, GreenXchange and Canada’s Oil Sands Alliance (COSIA) to control carbon emissions (Awad, 2015).
Although IB theories emphasize the role of innovation and technological change in originating and strengthening the competitive advantages of the MNE, IB scholarship has focused mostly on considering IPR regulations as a location advantage/disadvantage (e.g. Ivus, Park, Saggi, 2017), or an institutional factor (e.g., Peng, Ahlstrom, Carraher, Shi, 2017a, b; Peng, 2013) interacting with MNE strategies. This is a narrow view and one that does not address the emerging new institutional developments around intellectual property policy and the effects of these on trade, investment and multinational behavior.
TRIPS also generated new political configurations between governments and business (and other social actors) and, importantly, the use of non-market strategies to influence IPR policy. Understanding these new patterns of organization and political mobilization, traditionally the domain of political economy, is exceedingly important in the context of emerging markets where implementing TRIPS implied substantial changes to national laws and policies. The most studied sector in this regard has been pharmaceuticals, as TRIPS required countries to allow drugs to be patented when many countries previously did not do so. National debates are no longer about whether drug firms should get patents, but how strong the associated rights should be, and how long these rights of exclusion should last for. Shadlen (2017) shows that national approaches to both introducing pharmaceutical patent systems and reforming these new patent systems have been driven by constellations of interests in society (rather than, for example, the ideology of incumbent presidents or the nature of political institutions). These issues, namely how the focal points of debate have changed and the search for drivers of cross-national and within-country variation, are common to a range of global challenges, beyond pharmaceuticals, such as clean technologies and global warming.
As regional trading blocs run into political problems it may be worth reassessing the TRIPS experience once again to highlight what has worked well and what has not. The proposed special issue aims at stimulating a wider discussion on the international patenting landscape, its use by emerging markets and the influence on trade and MNE strategies. This is a two-way interaction where firm behaviors can help/influence the design of better IP policies, but whose successful implementation in turn requires cooperation from firms (Lundan, 2018). This special issue is aimed at an inter-disciplinary audience in a genuine effort to bring together research that wants to understand the experience of TRIPS and what it offers in terms of IPR policy as the world heads towards de-globalisation. Related contributions have gradually begun to appear in the IB literature (Journal of World Business, Transnational Corporations and Journal of International Business Policy). Relevant research has also appeared in other disciplines such as Journal of Law and Economics, Journal of Development Studies and Journal of Development Economics. They provide some stepping stones and research agendas for this special issue.
The Journal of International Business Policy (JIBP) aims to be a leader in publishing high quality research analyzing emerging public policy trends and their impact on international firms. Through this Special Issue call, JIBP aims specifically to champion research analyzing the contribution of IP harmonization to processes of technology transfer, policy making, capability building and challenges to governance. This special issue is intended to be a first – but certainly not last - focal point triggering IB scholarly attention to this area. For that reason, this special issue will also be accompanied by a Paper Development Workshop in December 2019.
The following is an indicative (but not exhaustive) list of topics to guide potential authors:
1. The effect of IPR policies on technology-related trade and investment
· Home- and host-country IPR policy effects on technology trade and choice of partners, before and after TRIPS
· How the spread of global value chains (GVCs) and countries’ and firms’ integration into GVCs affects national IP strategy
· How TRIPS has affected the internationalization and “off-shoring” of research and development
2. Domestic and foreign firms and the political economy of IPR policies
· MNE influence on regional and/or global IP harmonization.
· MNE lobbying strategies to change IPR policies in host and home countries.
· The internationalization of trademarks
· Case studies of national politics around joining the Patent Cooperation Treaty
3. IPR policies: Trends and effects at the country level
· Home- and host-country IPR regulatory effects on domestic technological capability and economic development
· Home- and host-country IPR policy effects on inward and outward FDI
· IPR and patenting patterns in home- and host-countries
· The emergence of competition and antitrust institutions as important actors in countries and sectors where patenting is new
· Understanding the changing demands for stronger IP rules by local actors in industries where imitation and reverse-engineering are difficult
4. IP implementation and its effect on economic outcomes
· Understanding the differences between de jure and de facto levels of IP protection and the effect of divergence on technology investment and trade
· How TRIPS has affected the role of technology transfer offices in public (and private) universities and research institutions
· IP infringement and its effect on MNE investment and domestic inventiveness
· Effectiveness of new IPR regimes (patent pooling) for solving the technology needs of global challenges
· New forms of property right protection (in the digital age); open models for patents
We welcome extended proposals from research in all relevant scientific fields (researchers in IB, economics, political science, sociology, law, geography, innovation, development studies, public policy, and international relations) and especially welcome proposals bridging various scientific disciplines. A paper can be aimed at theory development, but can also be empirical (aimed at collecting and interpreting larger data samples or specific case studies). To give us a wider choice of papers, our call is for extended proposals which should be submitted to the Editors by 15 December 2018. Selected proposals will be expected to submit full papers by 15 July 2019.
Special Issue Proposals
Proposals should be written in English and not exceed a total of seven (7) pages and 4000 words – five (5) pages for the body which can include charts, graphs, diagrams, and up to two (2) pages of references. The 4000-word count includes all text in the charts, graphs, diagrams, and references.
Only electronic submissions of proposal(s) will be accepted, submitted via the Manuscript Central portal for JIBP: https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/jibp. A maximum of two (2) proposals, either as an author or a co-author, may be submitted.
We seek original, unpublished work to move the scholarly conversation on TRIPS forward. Proposals may be rooted in or derived from prior work, but the submitted proposal must reflect significant development. Any proposal submitted that is judged to be identical or substantially similar to work already published, presented or under review for another conference or publication, will not be considered for invitation to develop a full manuscript.
Proposals are easiest to handle if submitted in PDF format. MS Word (or equivalent) will also be accepted. The title should be listed in the header of each page. Please use single spacing and 10-point font or larger. All proposals received by the deadline date (December 15, 2018) are deemed as original and final.
Proposals are reviewed by the special issue editors, so they are not anonymous. Proposals should include name and institutional affiliation of all authors. Authors who submit full manuscripts can expect a standard double-blind peer review process after submission.
Timeline from Proposal to Publication
- December 15, 2018: Deadline for submission of extended proposals
- January 20, 2019: Notification of acceptance or rejection of proposals for development as full manuscripts for submission
- June 24-27, 2019 (AIB 2019 Copenhagen): Editors participate in a panel that highlights the current JIBP special issues
- July 15, 2019: Deadline for submission of full papers via Manuscript Central portal for JIBP (https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/jibp)
- September 15, 2019: First round of double-blind peer review of submitted papers concluded
- December 2019: Revised papers to be presented at a Paper Development Workshop
- Jan 15, 2020: Editorial notification of conditional acceptance or rejection for inclusion in the JIBP special issue
- March 1, 2020: Final manuscripts submitted for the special issue
- June 2020: Special issue publication
Selected bibliography
Archibugi D., Filippetti A. (2010), The Globalisation of Intellectual Property Rights: Four Learned Lessons and Four Theses, Global Policy, 1(2): 137- 149. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1758-5899.2010.00019.x
Awad, B. (2015), Global Patent Pledges A Collaborative Mechanism For Climate Change Technology, CIGI papers #81, Canada. [ last accessed 04/08/2018 from https://www.cigionline.org/sites/default/files/no.81.pdf]
Albert G.Z. Hu, Peng Zhang , Lijing Zhao (2017) China as number one? Evidence from China's most recent patenting surge, Journal of Development Economics, 124, 107–119.
Deere, C. (2008) The Implementation Game: The TRIPS Agreement and the Global Politics of Intellectual Property Reform in Developing Countries. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ivus, O., Park, W.G. & Saggi, K. (2017), Patent protection and the composition of multinational activity: Evidence from US multinational firms, Journal of International Business Studies, 48(7): 808-836.
Kremer, M., & Glennerster, R. (2004). Strong Medicine - Creating incentives for pharmaceutical research on neglected diseases. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Li, Xibao (2012). Behind the recent surge of Chinese patenting: An institutional view, Research Policy 41 236–249.
Maskus, K. E. (2000) Intellectual Property Rights in the Global Economy. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics.
Maskus, K. E. and Reichman, J. H. (2005) International Public Goods and Transfer of Technology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Matthews, D (2002) Globalising Intellectual Property Rights: The TRIPS Agreement. Routledge.
May, C. and Sell, S. (2006) Intellectual Property Rights: A Critical History. London: Lynne Rienner.
Peng, M. W. (2013). An institution-based view of IPR protection. Business Horizons, 56: 135–139.
Peng, M. W., Ahlstrom, D., Carraher, S. M., & Shi, W. (2017a). History and the debate over intellectual property. Management and Organization Review, 13(1): 15-38.
Peng, M. W., Ahlstrom, D., Carraher, S. M., & Shi, W. (2017b). An institution-based view of global IPR history, Journal of International Business Studies, 48(7): 893-907.
Ryan, M. R. (1998) Knowledge Diplomacy: Global Competition and the Politics of Intellectual Property. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
Sell, S. K. (2003) Private Power, Public Law: The Globalization of Intellectual Property Rights. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Shadlen, K.C (2017) Coalitions and Compliance: The Political Economy of Pharmaceutical Patents in Latin America. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
WIPO (2011) Medicines Patent Pool: Facilitating Access to HIV Treatment. Wipo magazine ( last accessed 04/08/18 from http://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine/en/2011/03/article_0005.html
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